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Karen Sandell Sfanos, PhD, Associate Professor of Pathology, Oncology, and Urology at Johns Hopkins University, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the Brady Urological Research Institute, presents and explains the results of a study conducted in her lab on the ability of bacterial infections to cause oncogenic TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusions. She begins by looking at proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA), which has been proposed as a risk factor that may play a key role in the development of prostate cancer (PCa). Dr. Sfanos then discusses two Science articles on the recurrent fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in PCa and how Escherichia coli induces DNA double-strand breaks in eukaryotic cells. Both of these articles discuss colibactin, which comes from E. coli and breaks DNA strands through DNA alkylation. Dr. Sfanos continues by analyzing a study on acute Escherichia coli prostatitis in previously healthy young men which found that over 70% of the E. coli isolate strains in patients with prostatitis contained the colibactin gene, leading directly to the hypothesis of her own study. She studied a series of cases that had active bacterial infections in the prostate at the time of prostatectomy, finding a high frequency of ERG expression in PIA lesions undescribed in scientific literature, that ERG positive PIA lesions are often found with early invasive micro adenocarcinoma, that colibactin producing bacteria were in the infected prostates, and that colibactin induces DSB at TMPRSS2 and ERG loci. Dr. Sfanos concludes that bacterial prostatitis should be considered as a risk factor for prostate carcinogenesis and that prostate infections may contribute to other oncogenic events. Dr. Sfanos then participates in a Q&A session featuring such topics as the protective potential of some of the isolates that may not be producing colibactin, research on inhibitors, and how urologists may use this information.